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Provide Opportunities for Children and Youth. Provide Opportunities for Children and Youth. Overview. What future do children envision for themselves? What opportunities are presented to them as they grow up? Many children grow up amid poverty, violence, and illness.
They see their families, friends, and communities suffering from the effects of alcoholism, unemployment. AIDS, or a lack of educational opportunities. Many children, however, are resilient. Although not all children are faced with adverse circumstances, our Nation's well- being requires that every child in every community be guaranteed the opportunity to reach his or her full potential. Providing children with the opportunity to develop positive behaviors is the foundation of most efforts to prevent youth crime and violence. For nearly three decades, educators, policymakers, and criminal justice professionals have sought effective crime prevention strategies. Although some communities are experiencing success, the country.
But we know now what works. Effective strategies include comprehensive approaches that provide opportunities for. This section of the Action Plan emphasizes the importance of enhancing delinquency prevention efforts and coordinating them throughout the community.
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It focuses on what we know about factors that put youth at risk of becoming delinquent or serious and violent offenders as well as those that protect youth. It encourages communities to take steps to reduce characteristics that contribute to delinquency while strengthening characteristics that nurture youth.
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This section emphasizes the importance of truancy reduction and safe school programs and illustrates the Coordinating Council's strong support of youth involvement in community crime and violence prevention strategies. The section concludes that positive youth skill building, through mentoring, conflict resolution, and community service, can work to prevent or reduce juvenile delinquency and serious juvenile violence, especially when coordinated with broader communitywide. Current Status and Analysis of the Problem.
Most adolescents are on a healthy path to productive adult lives. There is evidence, however, that 2. Another 2. 5 percent of adolescents, who engage in fewer of these behaviors, are at moderate risk. A 1. 99. 2 study conducted by the Carnegie Foundation determined that only 6.
Many adolescents spend the remaining 4. A recent study found that 2. It is not surprising, therefore, that most violent crimes committed by juveniles take place at the close of the school day, when fewer opportunities for constructive activities are available.
See figure 1. 1.). In recent years, the capacity of America's low- income rural and urban communities to provide critical positive activities or environments has declined. Public schools in many areas have deteriorated, and the quality of public education has been compromised.
City parks and recreation centers are in disrepair, and financial support for youth facilities and programs has decreased,5 leaving high- risk environments for youth. The demand for an immediate solution to this problem, which commands considerable public attention, has been compounded by a historical impatience with prevention strategies in which results may be long in coming and benefits - - that is, crimes not committed - - are extremely difficult to measure. The good news, however, is that three decades of seeking. The public health model has been particularly useful in developing a strong scientific process and assessment of prevention activities.
See figure 1. 2 for a public health model for prevention.). Figure 1. 1: Violent crime occurrence times. Risk Factors for Delinquency. Some youth lack healthy parental guidance and monitoring. Some youth have cognitive and psychological deficits that make social and academic success difficult. Some attend disorganized and disruptive schools and fail to engage in academic pursuits. Some live in chaotic neighborhoods with few resources or outlets for positive social activities.
Some are excluded from prosocial peer groups and have few, if any, wholesome friends. These risk factors, particularly when several are present, increase the likelihood of delinquency and violence. Conditions such as maltreatment or neglect by family members and others, a community with a large population of delinquent juveniles and gangs, ready access to drugs and guns, and an unsafe school increase the chance that a youth will make unhealthy. The study of Causes and Correlates of Delinquency, sponsored by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP),6 found the influence of peers and parents to be strong risk factors. See figure 1. 3.).
Protective Factors. Some youth who experience child abuse, neglect, poverty, poor health, or other risk factors do not become juvenile delinquents, school drop- outs, or teenage parents.
These youth have the benefit of a combination of protective factors that help guide them in making healthy choices. A resilient temperament and the development of close relationships with parents and other role models who provide encouragement, healthy beliefs, and clear standards of behavior offer protection from negative environmental influences. In general, healthy youth have resources in their families and. Often referred to as protective factors, these resources reduce the chance that youth will become involved in serious delinquency. Prevention strategies seek to reduce existing risk factors and provide protective factors that are missing from a youth's environment. In many ways, prevention strategies attempt to provide for at- risk children what effective parents and communities provide in the natural course of youth development. The most effective prevention strategies attend to family and community deficits over a sustained period of time.
The Social Development Strategy suggests that opportunities, skills, and recognition lead to healthy behaviors. See figure 1. 4.) The underlying theme of this strategy is to reduce risk factors and increase protective factors in the lives of at- risk children. The identification of risk factors and protective factors has been an important step in prevention, assisting educators and practitioners in developing more effective programs for youth. Figure 1. 2: Public health model for prevention. Source: Mercy, J.
A., M. L. Rosenberg, K. E. Powell, C. V. Broome, and W. L. Roper. Public health policy for preventing violence.
Health Affairs. 1. Winter): 1. 5. V1. N4. Experts studying the impact of cultural influences on youth believe that conditions such as poverty, unemployment, discrimination, poor health, poor education, and despair lay the foundation for alcohol and other drug- related problems. These conditions must be alleviated. Risk factor research has become more comprehensive and now includes the following domains: individual, family, school, peer group, and community.
Protective factor research, however, has primarily identified strategies that focus on the individual. Although. it is important to focus on increasing skills or abilities of the individual, it is equally imperative to focus on changing and improving social systems that create these conditions. The following elements increase the likelihood of successful change. Protective factors in the family, including having parents who demonstrate love and caring for their children, who are involved in their children's activities, and who monitor and supervise their children's behaviors. Other family- oriented protective factors include family stability and adequate financial resources.
Positive personal attributes such as intelligence, a steady disposition, social skills (including the ability to solve problems without resorting to violence), and a conventional belief system. Schools that positively shape behavior of young children and teenagers due to strong policies on violence and drugs. Teachers who care about students and demonstrate concern for their students' social and academic growth also help to ensure successful development.
When youth are prepared for school, succeed in school, and are committed to the education system, they are less likely to become delinquents. Communities that provide opportunities and social controls. Communities that exhibit a high level of organization and cooperation, with neighbors working together to meet common objectives, channel youth behavior toward positive outcomes. For example, communities with active PTA's, afterschool activities, churches and religious organizations, and youth social clubs help to protect youth from the temptations and hazards that exist in society.
Youth participation in and acceptance by prosocial peer groups. Peer influence is particularly important during adolescence. Adult supervision of and involvement in youth peer group activities, to provide added protection against developing delinquent behavior. Figure 1. 3: Influence of parents and peers on delinquency. Data Source: Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency. November). Urban Delinquency and Substance Abuse, technical report.
Source: Thornberry, T. P., D. Huizinga, and R. Loeber. 1. 99. 5. Sourcebook on Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Cumulative Impact of Protective Factors. Healthy growth and development are most likely to occur when protective factors are sustained throughout these areas of influence.
A nurturing family, positive friendships, a good education, and career opportunities combine as important factors to ensure positive outcomes for youth, not only in preventing delinquency but also in preventing substance abuse, violent behavior, teenage pregnancy, and school dropout. Parents should attempt to provide their children with this constellation of protective factors continuously over the course of their development.
Comprehensive Delinquency Prevention.